Fairy tale [ edit ]
A fairy tale - a short literary work containing a moral (instruction), often in verse, sometimes humorous. The moral may be at the beginning ( promythium ) or end ( epimythium ) of the work or result from its content. An important feature of the fairy tale is allegorical nature . The heroes of fairy tales can be people, as well as animals, objects and phenomena that embody human types, character traits or opposing views and positions. [1] . It is one of the varieties of epic , although the epigrammatic fable has many lyrical features . A fairy tale is one of the literary forms.
The fairy tale comes from the oral folk tradition and is common to all cultures, as evidenced by the monuments that have survived to this day, even in a vestigial form. [2] .
In the circle of Mediterranean culture, the first fable appears in Greek literature, in Hesiod ( Op . 202–212) and Stesichorus [3] . However, the development of the genre is primarily associated with the slave Aesop, who lived in the 6th century BC , and who was supposed to compose the first collection of written in prose . animal fables [4] . This is how the fairy tale emerged as a separate literary genre .
In the 5th century BC, the term "Aesop's fables" appeared, encompassing both the collection of fables written by Aesop and the works of earlier and later authors [3] . Another, though much later, Greek fable writer was Babrios .
Fairy tales were also included in songs, among others. Ennius and Horace . The first Roman fabulist to create a separate collection of fables was Phaedrus . However, they were not very popular in ancient times. Completely forgotten by medieval readers, they were replaced by an anonymous collection of 98 fairy tales called the Fables of Romulus [3] . Of the Latin fairy tale writers, Awian enjoyed the greatest recognition.
In the Middle Ages, Latin adaptations of ancient fairy tales were initially created. One of the most widely read collections was the fairy tales of Walter the Englishman . Works of this type can also be found among the writings of Jacques de Vitry , Vincent of Beauvais and Odo of Cheriton .
Fairy tales were written in vernacular languages only from the 12th century ( in France fairy tales appeared a translation of Marie de France's then ).
The popularity of the fairy tale increased during the Renaissance, when artists created, among others, Rimicius , Erasmus of Rotterdam [5] . In later times, fairy tales were written by, among others, Jean de La Fontaine , Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Ivan Krylov [1] .
In Poland, the first fairy tales appeared as part of larger works: sermons, chronicles and letters. The first larger collection of fairy tales was published by Biernat from Lublin in The Life of Aesop Fryga [5] . Fairy tales were later written by: Bartłomiej Paprocki , Krzysztof Niemirycz , Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźn , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Ignacy Krasicki , Adam Mickiewicz , Aleksander Fredro and Stanisław Jachowicz [6] .
There are two types of fables: narrative fables and epigrammatic fables . A narrative fairy tale is similar to a novella , it has a short, easy to understand plot . The ancient creator of narrative fables was, for example, Babrios , the modern one was La Fontaine . An epigrammatic fable, on the other hand, is similar to an epigram , shorter, devoid of plot and any epic features. Theoretical justification for the epigrammatic fable was given by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , referring to the ancient tradition of Phaedrus [1] .
- ↑ Jump to: a b c Dictionary of Literary Terms . Janusz Sławiński (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2000, p. 55. ISBN 83-01-13851-3 .
- ↑ W. G. Gordon: Babylonian Wisdom Literature . Oxford: 1960.
- ↑ Jump to: a b c Hanna Dziechcińska Fairy Tale . In: Dictionary of Old Polish Literature . Teresa Michałowska (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002, p. 76. ISBN 83-04-04621-0 .
- ↑ Zbigniew Goliński Bajka . In: Dictionary of Polish Enlightenment Literature . Teresa Kostkiewiczowa (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002, p. 22. ISBN 83-04-04620-2 .
- ↑ Jump to: a b Hanna Dziechcińska Fairy Tale . In: Dictionary of Old Polish Literature . Teresa Michałowska (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2002, p. 77. ISBN 83-04-04621-0 .
- ↑ Józef Bachórz Bajka . In: Dictionary of Polish literature of the 19th century . Józef Bachórz and Alina Kowalczykowa (eds.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002, pp. 66–68. ISBN 83-04-04616-4 .
- Dictionary of Literary Terms . Janusz Sławiński (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2000. ISBN 83-01-13851-3 .
- Hanna Dziechcińska Fairy Tale . In: Dictionary of Old Polish Literature . Teresa Michałowska (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002. ISBN 83-04-04621-0 .
- Zbigniew Goliński Fairy Tale . In: Dictionary of Polish Enlightenment Literature . Teresa Kostkiewiczowa (ed.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002. ISBN 83-04-04620-2 .
- Józef Bachórz Fairy Tale . In: Dictionary of Polish literature of the 19th century . Józef Bachórz and Alina Kowalczykowa (eds.). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińscy, 2002. ISBN 83-04-04616-4 .